Research and policy documents

General research

• British Social Attitudes report: Key findings on Britain’s shifting identities and attitudes
• Britons and Gender Identity Navigating Common Ground and Division 
• Census topic research
• Fit For Purpose: inclusive housing and social care for older LGBTQ+ people
• Gym use and changing rooms: the illegality and chilling effect of (trans)gender segregation
• International Olympic Committee Position Statement on Transgender Athletes
• “Invisible in the Most Tragic of Ways”: Exploring Internalized Transphobia and Coping Through Photovoice
• Levelling The Field Research (LTF) Project (2024) – the first major research project to look broadly at the experiences of trans people of colour in the UK
• New report tells us how the public actually feel about trans people
• Non-binary people’s experiences in Scotland: evidence review
• Scottish Trans and Non-binary Experiences Report (2024)
• Stonewall facts and figures – mental health, employment, harrassment, discrimination
• The data is clear: most people are supportive of trans rights
• The struggle of trans and gender-diverse persons
• Trans and non-binary factsheet for Scottish housing providers

Employment

• More trans people hiding identity at work than five years ago — report
• Sexual orientation and gender identity in the medical profession
• The illusion of inclusion? LGBTQ+ staff experience in healthcare
• Trans People and Work in Scotland
• “Trans employee experiences survey: Understanding the trans community in the workplace” (2021)

Government, Politics, and Law

• AB v Gender Recognition Panel [2024] EWHC 1456 (Fam)
• Amnesty International: Freedom of Speech
• APPG LGBT+ Chair’s Statement on the Government’s Response to the GRA Consultation
• Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights 2024 Issue Paper on “Human rights and gender identity and expression”
• Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2020
• EHRC: Gender reassignment discrimination
• Employment Tribunal Judgement: Forstater
• Enforcing the Equality Act: the law and the role of the Equality and Human Rights Commission: Government and Equality and Human Rights Commission Responses to the Committee’s Tenth Report of Session 2017–19
• Equality Act 2010 Code of Practice Services, public functions and associations Statutory Code of Practice
• Equality Act 2010: What do I need to know? A SUMMARY GUIDE FOR BUSINESSES WHO SELL GOODS AND SERVICES
• Equality and Human Rights Commission: Attitudes to transgender people
• Expert Blog: Analysing the GRA consultation: reflections by the analysis team
• Galop Hate Crime Report 2020
• Gender Recognition Act – Analysis of consultation responses
• General info on non-binary recognition – Scottish Equal Recognition Campaign
• Government Equalities Office Update – Statement made on 22 September 2020
• Held Back: Poverty of LGBTQI Refugees
• Introducing third legal gender option popular with majority of trans and non-binary people, research shows
• LGBT Consortium – Factfile on GRA and GRA reform
• LGBT people’s experiences of homelessness
• Living Free and Equal – UN Human Rights guidance with best practice guidelines and case studies
• Ministry of Justice: The Care and Management of Individuals who are Transgender (2019 – NOT CURRENT)
• Ministry of Justice: The care and management of individuals who are transgender (2024)
• Ministry of Justice: The Care and Management of Transgender Prisoners (PRE 2019 – NOT CURRENT)
• National Offender Management Service: Offender Equalities Report 2017
• Potential impacts of GRA reform for cisgender women: trans women’s inclusion in women-only spaces and services
• Scottish Government Non-binary equality action plan
• Scottish Government Non–binary equality action plan 2023-2028: progress report 2024
• State of Play: SOGIESC protections in the Council of Europe region (ILGA Europe)
• The Gender Recognition Act Discussion (February 2018)
• Trans* policy, politics and research: The UK and Portugal
• Transcript of debate 21st November 2018 – on issues around GRA reform
• TRANSforming Futures: Criminal Justice Report
• UK Parliament: Written evidence on the Reform of the Gender Recognition Act
• UN Declaration of Human Rights
• UN Rights of The Child
• YouGov: Where does the British public stand on transgender rights? 2020 report, 2022 report, 2024/25 report
• Women and Equalities Committee Transgender Equality First Report of Session 2015–16
• Written Statement: Statement of support for Wales’ Trans Communities
• Yogyakarta Principles – outline a range of human rights in relation to LGBT+ people

Health and Medical

Policies and guidance

You can find policies and guidance for UK healthcare professionals on:

• our Healthcare Policies and Guidance page
• our Local healthcare policies page

Access to healthcare

• Ada Lovelace Institute: The computer won’t do that – Exploring the impact of clinical information systems in primary care on transgender and non-binary adults
• AIDS Care: Experiences of stigma and discrimination in social and healthcare settings among trans people living with HIV in the UK
• Applied Trans Studies: The Role(s) Transgender Adults Want General Practice to Have in Their Healthcare: A Qualitative Study in Southeast England
• BJPsych Open: Improving the Admission Process to Inpatient Wards for Gender Diverse Service Users at Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust: Service Evaluation
• Community Innovations Enterprise: Inside Gender Identity – A report on meeting the health and social care needs of transgender people in the criminal justice system
• European Journal of General Practice: The experiences of transgender and nonbinary adults in primary care: A systematic review
• Health Expectations: Reluctant educators and self-advocates: Older trans adults’ experiences of health-care services and practitioners in seeking gender-affirming services
• International Journal for Equity in Health: Transphobia in the United Kingdom: a public health crisis
• Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health: Experiences and Perceptions of Trans and Gender Non-Binary People Regarding Their Psychosocial Support Needs: A Systematic Review of the Qualitative Research Evidence
• London Asssembly Health Commitee: Trans health matters – improving access to healthcare for trans and gender-diverse Londoners
• National Ambulance LGBT Network: Understanding Trans Service Users
• NIHR: Improving the integration of care for trans adults: ICTA a mixed-methods study
• Race Equality Foundation: Barriers to health faced by transgender and non-binary Black and minority ethnic people
• Social Science & Medicine: Trans broken arm syndrome: A mixed-methods exploration of gender-related medical misattribution and invasive questioning
• TRANSforming Futures Partnership: Trans Healthcare Report

Addiction

• Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment: Transgender and non-binary people’s experiences with alcohol reduction in the UK: A cross-sectional study
• Scottish Trans: Transgender inclusion in drug and alcohol services

Aging

• Aging and Society: A narrative review of literature on the use of health and social care by older trans adults: what can United Kingdom services learn?
• Health Expectations: Reluctant educators and self-advocates: Older trans adults’ experiences of health-care services and practitioners in seeking gender-affirming services
• Integrating Care for Trans Adults: I need to get on with it – experiences of older trans people navigating healthcare
• International Journal of Transgender Health: Transgender and gender diverse older people: health, aging and dementia
• Journal of Dementia Care: Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Special Edition (2023)
• Tonic Housing: Precarious lives: Financial and material hardship among older LGBTQ+ people in London
• Trans Aging and Care: Examining the views and attitudes of health and social care professionals towards older trans people: findings from the Trans Ageing and Care study

Cancer and screening

• British Journal of General Practice: Attitudes of transgender men and non-binary people to cervical screening: a cross-sectional mixed-methods study in the UK
• Radiography: How can we meet the support needs of LGBT cancer patients in oncology? A systematic review

Conversion practices

• Government Equalities Office: An assessment of the evidence on conversion therapy for sexual orientation and gender identity
• Stonewall: Conversion Therapy and Gender Identity Survey

Fertility

• Reproduction: Mind the gap: a nationwide audit of LGBTQ+ inclusion in fertility care providers in the United Kingdom
• Scottish Trans: Trans People’s Experiences of Reproductive Health and Fertility Services in Scotland

Genetics

• Scientific Reports: The Use of Whole Exome Sequencing in a Cohort of Transgender Individuals to Identify Rare Genetic Variants

International guidance and standards

• ACON TransHub: Health and Gender Affirmation in NSW: Informed Consent
• APA: APA Resolution on Gender Identity Change Efforts
• Endocrine Society: Endocrine Society Position on Transgender Health
• Global Action for Trans Equality: HIV WHO Consolidated Guidelines: A Smart Guide for Trans and Gender Diverse Communities
• National LGBT Health Education Center: Providing Affirmative Care for Patients with Non-binary Gender Identities
• TGEU: TGEU Guidelines to Human Rights Based Trans Specific Healthcare

LGBTQ+ healthcare needs

• House of Commons Women and Equalities Committee: Health and Social Care and LGBT Communities
• LGBT Foundation: Hidden Figures: The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on LGBT Communities
• Patient’s Association: Improving health equity for patients living with cancer and/or blood disorders

Mental health

• Counselling and Psychotherapy Reports: Exploring cisgender therapists’ attitudes towards, and experience of, working with trans people in the United Kingdom
• GIRES: Trans Mental Health Study 2012
• Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Scient: Daily Experiences of Minority Stress and Mental Health in Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals
• LGBT Foundation: Hidden Figures – the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on LGBT communities
• National Survivor User Network: Single sex spaces: trans and non-binary service users’ experiences of single sex wards in mental health settings in England
• Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity: Discrimination and suicide risk among transgender and gender-diverse adults: The moderating roles of self-compassion, self-coldness, and gender identity.
• Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity: Posttraumatic Stress in the Trans Community: The Roles of Anti-Transgender Bias, Non-Affirmation, and Internalized Transphobia
• University and College Counselling: Trans*-forming student support

Palliative care

• Hospice UK: Providing palliative and end of life care to trans and gender diverse communities
• Hospice UK: I just want to be me: Trans and Gender Diverse Communities’ Access to and Experiences of Palliative & End of Life Care

Pregnancy and childbirth

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth: From erasure to opportunity: a qualitative study of the experiences of transgender men around pregnancy and recommendations for providers
• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth: Men, trans/masculine, and non-binary people’s experiences of pregnancy loss: an international qualitative study
• Gender and Society: Perinatal Care for Trans and Nonbinary People Birthing in Heteronormative “Maternity” Services: Experiences and Educational Needs of Professionals
• International Journal of Transgender Health: Special Issue: Trans pregnancy: Fertility, reproduction and body autonomy
• LGBT Foundation: Improving Trans and Nonbinary Experineces of Maternity Services
• Sociologists for Women in Society: Perinatal Care for Trans and Nonbinary People Birthing in Heteronormative “Maternity” Services: Experiences and Educational Needs of Professionals

Regional trans healthcare needs

• Birmingham City Council: Trans Community Health Profile 2022
• Bulletin of Applied Transgender Studies: The Role(s) Transgender Adults Want General Practice to Have in Their Healthcare: A Qualitative Study in Southeast England
• Healthwatch Gloucestershire: Access to health and support services by the Trans community and their families
• Healthwatch Lewisham: Trans and Nonbinary Health Experiences
• Healthwatch Liverpool: Trans people’s experiences of accessing health and care in Liverpool
• Healthwatch North Somerset: Trans health care and wellbeing report
• Healthwatch Sheffield: Experiences of health and care in Sheffield’s trans community
• LGBT Foundation: GM Trans Health Service Community Survey Report
• Scottish Government: Health needs assessment LGBT+ people: Transgender and nonbinary supplementary report
• Scottish Trans: Scottish Trans and Nonbinary Experiences – Research Report
• The Association of Directors of Public Health North West: Health Needs Assessment for the Trans and Gender Diverse Population of Lancashire 2025
• The Clare Project: Trans Non-Binary and Intersex Primary Health Care in Sussex: Community Consultation Report

Sexual health and HIV

• GATE: Factsheet on Trans men in the HIV response
• iBase: Transgender HIV information
• Scottish Trans: There needs to be care throughout – Exploring the access of nonbinary people trans men and trans women to sexual health services in Scotland
• The National LGBT Partnership: Incognito Mode: The Reality of LBT+ Women & Femmes’ Sexual & Reproductive Health
• Transgender Health: An Exploratory Study to Describe Transgender People with HIV Who Accessed Medicaid and Their Viral Suppression Over Time in New York City, 2013-2017

Statistics about UK trans people

• BMJ Medicine: Transgender identity in young people and adults recorded in UK primary care electronic patient records: retrospective, dynamic, cohort study
• BMJ Open: Demographic characteristics, long-term health conditions and healthcare experiences of 6333 trans and non-binary adults in England: nationally representative evidence from the 2021 GP Patient Survey
• British Journal of General Practice: Prevalence of cancer risk factors among transgender and gender diverse individuals: a cross-sectional analysis using UK primary care data
• JAMA Network Open: Analysis of Mortality Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults in England
• Public Health Scotland: NHS Gender Identity Clinics: Waiting Times for First Outpatient Consultation (Scotland)
• Scottish Government: Scotland’s Census 2022 – Sexual orientation and trans status or history
• Welsh Government: Sexual orientation and gender identity in Wales (Census 2021)

Surgical satisfaction and regret

• Archives of Sex Behaviour: An analysis of all applications for sex reassignment surgery in Sweden, 1960-2010: prevalence, incidence, and regrets
• British Journal of Rheumatology: Comparison data: Study on satisfaction with hip replacement
• European Urology Oncology: Comparison data: Study on satisfaction with prostate removal
• JAMA Surgery: Long-Term Regret and Satisfaction With Decision Following Gender-Affirming Mastectomy
• JAMA Surgery: Postoperative Regret Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse Recipients of Gender-Affirming Surgery
• Knee Surgery and Related Research: Comparison data: Study on satisfaction with knee surgery
• Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence
• Psychological Medicine: Sex reassignment: outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals
• Psychology and Health: Comparison data: Study on satisfaction with reconstruction after mastectomy for cancer
• The American Journal of Surgery: A systematic review of patient regret after surgery – A common phenomenon in many specialties but rare within gender-affirmation surgery

Transition-related care in the UK

For a list of UK service specification documents, see our Prescribing page.

• Applied Transgender Studies: I Carry So Much Anger, and That Is Not Good for My Health – The Mental Health Impact of Current Gender-Affirming Healthcare Pathways on Transgender Adults in England
• BMC Health Services Research: Accessing and utilising gender-affirming healthcare in England and Wales: trans and non-binary people’s accounts of navigating gender identity clinics
• Critical Social Policy: Democratising diagnoses? The role of the depathologisation perspective in constructing corporeal trans citizenship
• Healthcare: Care of Transgender Patients: A General Practice Quality Improvement Approach
• International Journal of Transgender Health: You can’t be too many things: the experiences of gender-affirming care for trans people of color – a thematic analysis
• Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health: Trans People’s Experiences of Mental Health and Gender Identity Services: A UK Study
• NHS England and NHS Scotland: Analysis of public consultation on proposed service specifications for specialised Gender Identity Services for Adults
• Scottish Trans: Non-binary people’s experiences of using UK gender identity clinics
• TransActual: Transition Access Survey 2022
• University of Bradford: Broken Systems: the abandonment of trans masculine genital surgery in the UK and issues for patient safety

International

• Australian Standards of Care and Treatment Guidelines for trans and gender diverse children and adolescents
• European Parliament – report on the situation of fundamental rights in the EU
• Exclusionary bathroom policies harm transgender students
• Global Attitudes Toward Transgender People
• ILGA Annual Review 2020
• ILGA World: Trans Legal Mapping Report
• ILGA-Europe Annual Review
• Ireland GRA Annual Report 2016
• Irish Gender Recognition Act
• Legal gender recognition in the EU: The journeys of trans people towards full equality
• Maltese Gender Recognition Act
• Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity – UN General Assembly
• Swiss Parliament passes LGR based on self-determination
• Tasmania Law Reform Institute: Legal Recognition of Sex and Gender
• The authorities’ refusal to legally recognise a change of gender identity in the absence of surgery breached the Convention
• Trans Pathways Report – Mental health in Australia
• WPATH guidance on gender recognition and trans rights

Transphobia

• Bullying, harassment and discrimination of LGBT people in the workplace – TUC report
• Conversion Therapy Online: The Players
• Developing a national barometer of prejudice and discrimination in Britain
• Ditch the Label: Exposed the scale of transphobia online
• From America with Hate
• Mapping Anti-Gender Movements in the UK Report
• Mermaids’ research into newspaper coverage on trans issues
• Recognizing, Documenting and Addressing Anti-Gender Opposition Toolkit document
• Response and responsibility: Mainstream media and Lucy Meadows in a post-Leveson context
• TERF wars: An introduction
• The Impact of Anti-Gender Opposition: Global and Regional Reports documents
• Turning The Tide: A Toolkit to Combat Anti-Gender Extremism

Young People

Affirmative approaches

• Journal of Adolescent Health: Binary and Nonbinary Transgender Adolescents’ Healthcare Experiences, Avoidance, and Well Visits
• Journal of Homosexuality: Clinical management of gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: the Dutch approach
• Journal of LGBT Youth: Homophobia, conversion therapy, and care models for trans youth: defending the gender-affirmative approach

Cass Review

• Davie and Hobbs (pre-print): Cass: the good, the bad, the critical
• Feminist Gender Equality Network: Letter from academics concerned about The Cass Review
• International Journal of Transgender Health: The Cass Review: Cis-supremacy in the UK’s approach to healthcare for trans children.
• International Journal of Transgender Health: Biological and psychosocial evidence in the Cass Review: a critical commentary.
• McNamara et al: An Evidence-Based Critique of “The Cass Review” on Gender-affirming Care for Adolescent Gender Dysphoria
• Noone et al (pre-print): Critically appraising the Cass Report: Methodological flaws and unsupported claims.
• Scientific American: The U.K.’s Cass Review Badly Fails Trans Children.
• Scottish Government: Cass Review – implications for Scotland: findings report
• The Cass Review: Independent review of gender identity services for children and young people
• The New England Journal of Medicine: The Future of Gender-Affirming Care — A Law and Policy Perspective on the Cass Review
• WPATH: WPATH and USPATH comment on The Cass Review

Education

• NASUWT: Trans Rights Position Statement
• NASUWT: Trans Equality in Schools and Colleges
• Stonewall: School Report (2017)
• Teachers College Record: “We Just Think of Her as One of the Girls”: Applying a Trans Inclusion Staged Model to the Experiences of Trans Children and Youth in UK Primary and Secondary Schools

Mental health and wellbeing

• Brook: 5 sobering stats about trans young people
• Journal of Adolescent Health: Chosen Name Use Is Linked to Reduced Depressive Symptoms, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicidal Behavior Among Transgender Youth
• Pediatrics: Mental Health of Transgender Children Who Are Supported in Their Identities
• Pediatrics: Transgender Adolescent Suicide Behavior
• The i Paper: Trans young people much more likely to say they’re lonely ‘all the time’, according to new data
• The Trevor Project: 2024 United Kingdom Survey on the Mental Health of LGBTQ+ Young People

Off-label prescribing

• Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association: Off-Label Medication use in Children, More Common than We Think: A Systematic Review of the Literature
• NHS England: Commissioning medicines for children in specialised services
• Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health: The use of unlicensed medicines or licensed medicines for unlicensed applications in paediatric practice

Population data

• The Williams Institute: Age of Individuals who Identify as Transgender in the United States

Puberty blockers

• Clinical and Experimental Paediatrics: Long-term effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in girls with central precocious puberty
• International Journal of Transgender Health: Is puberty delaying treatment ‘experimental treatment’?
• Journal of Adolescent Research: Experiences of Puberty and Puberty Blockers: Insights From Trans Children, Trans Adolescents, and Their Parents
• Journal of Medical Ethics: Lives in a chiaroscuro. Should we suspend the puberty of children with gender identity disorder?
• Pediatric Drugs: Continuation of gender-affirming hormones in transgender people starting puberty suppression in adolescence: a cohort study in the Netherlands
• Pediatric Drugs: Central Precocious Puberty – a longitudinal study into blocker usage for precocious puberty
• PLOS One: Short-term outcomes of pubertal suppression in a selected cohort of 12 to 15 year old young people with persistent gender dysphoria in the UK
• Psychoneuroendocrinology: Puberty suppression and executive functioning: An fMRI-study in adolescents with gender dysphoria

Trans young people’s experiences of healthcare

• Applied Transgender Studies: Of Course, I’m Intimidated by Them. They Could Take My Human Rights Away – Trans Children’s Experiences with UK Gender Clinics
• Health: Shared care and gender identity support in Primary Care: The perspectives and experiences of parents/carers of young trans people
• Health Services Safety Investigations Body: Investigation report: Provision of care for children and young people when accessing specialist gender dysphoria services
• Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine: Shared care and gender identity support in Primary Care: The perspectives and experiences of parents/carers of young trans people
• Healthtalk: Experiences of trans and gender-diverse young people
• Healthtalk: Experiences of parents and carers of young trans and gender-diverse people
• International Journal of Transgender Health: It’s like my kid came back overnight – Experiences of trans and non-binary young people and their families seeking, finding and engaging with clinical care in England
• International Journal of Transgender Health: The experiences of transgender and non-binary children and young people and their parents in healthcare settings in England, UK: Interviews with members of a family support group
• International Journal of Transgender Health: It felt like they were trying to destabilise us – Parent assessment in UK children’s gender services
• International Journal of Transgender Health: “Grasping on a spider web of hope”: Psychological challenges and impact of waiting to access UK gender dysphoria Clinics on young adults
• International Journal of Transgender Health: Bell v Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust [2020] EWHC 3274: Weighing current knowledge and uncertainties in decisions about gender-related treatment for transgender adolescents
• LGBT Youth Scotland: Life in Scotland for LGBT Young People: Trans Report
• Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health: Supporting LGBTQ+ children and young people – principle statement
• WPATH: WPATH, EPATH, USPATH, AsiaPATH, CPATH, AusPATH, PATHA Response to Bell v. Tavistock Judgment

Wider discourse about trans children and young people

• Archives of Sexual Behavior: Methodological Critique of Littman’s (2018) Parental-Respondents Accounts of “Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria”
• Association for Psychological Science: Interrogating Gender-Exploratory Therapy
• Gender Analysis: When “desisters” aren’t: De-desistance in childhood and adolescent gender dysphoria
• International Journal of Transgenderism: A critical commentary on follow-up studies and “desistance” theories about transgender and gender-nonconforming children
• JAMA Network Open: Age at First Experience of Gender Dysphoria Among Transgender Adults Seeking Gender-Affirming Surgery
• JAMA Network Open: Association of Media Coverage of Transgender and Gender Diverse Issues With Rates of Referral of Transgender Children and Adolescents to Specialist Gender Clinics in the UK and Australia
• Journal of Youth Studies: Trailblazing the gender revolution? Young people’s understandings of gender diversity through generation and social change
• Psychological and Cognitive Sciences: Similarity in transgender and cisgender children’s gender development